Both were newcomers to the national political scene, but they also made extensive use of existing manuscript traditions, resulting in an increase of written. Such a conclusion is borne out by an analysis of Taira no Kiyomori (1118‒1181), the first warrior-aristocrat to control the imperial court, and of Japan’s first warrior government, the Kamakura shogunate (1185‒1333). And yet, this era also appears to represent an increased reliance on literary manuscripts and historical documents rather than a move away from them. To many scholars, Japan’s twelfth century represents of decline of imperial authority and disorder, representing a transition into the medieval age of warrior rule and an increasing reliance on resolving disputes with arms.